Why Do Jamaicans Run So Fast?
71In years to come anthropologists, nutritionists, and geneticists will be doing doctoral dissertations on the unique physical and psychological constitution of the population on a small dot in the Caribbean Sea called Jamaica in order to find out why we rule the world of sprint. Beijing 2008 Olympic games and the summer 2009 World Athletics Championships in Berlin signalled the dominance of the Caribbean island nation in an area they have made a mark on for some time.
Veranda talk has it that Jamaica would have ruled the roost long ago were it not for the chemical advantages of certain nations. Those same sources say that with the advent of stricter monitoring and more advanced drug testing the usual culprits are unable to continue their dirty game hence the present supremacy of clean runners.
Since the Herb McKenley quartet at Helsinki, Jamaica has produced world beaters like Donald Quarrie and Merlene Ottey; the difference in the past few years is that the sprint factory has turned up the production numbers, and quality.
The nature vs. nurture discussion has been going ad nauseam; in fact one sports commentator on Jamaica radio has been adamant on the nurture side on every opportunity.
Nature may have something to say after all.
Science is on the side of the Jamaicans. An article in the Jamaica Gleaner dated July 8, 2008 disclosed the preliminary findings of a joint study by the University of Glasgow and University of the West Indies, the sample included 200 Jamaican athletes. According to the article more than 200 Jamaican athletes were tested and found to possess the Actinen component in their fast-twitch muscle fibres - the rapidly contracting muscle fibres that enable sprinters to run really fast. The scientists have been looking at athletes from around the world, those of West African origin, east Africa and elsewhere. The early data is that for the fast-twitch fibres in the muscles, there is a special component called the Actinen A, of which the gene was identified in the fast-twitch fibres found in 70 per cent of the athletes from Jamaica, this compared to only 30 per cent in an Australian group that is being tested.
Look out world we have many Usain Bolts, Asafa Powells, Sherone Simpsons and Sherika Williams waiting to be discovered in the island in the sun. The genes are twitching to run, pun intended.
There is no such thing as lucky. Success always comes with a burden. Warning label on the pack, Jamaican thinker Martin Henry is looking in the animal kingdom and observes that the aggressive animals are the speedy ones. He believes that if there is a positive correlation between speed and aggression in a gene pool it could also explain why Jamaicans are so violent. Physical training can harness the speed to make us world champions. Long term social measures are needed to channel the aggression.
Stop press. Every thing written so far in this article must now be qualified by a different scientific argument posted by Daniel on the Genetic Future blog. Reading the content reminded me that whereas television is a vast wasteland, the internet is a vast gold mine. Take a look at this:
An excessive emphasis on ACTN3 as a major explanation for Jamaican success does a grave disservice to the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors required for top-level athletic performance. This suggestion goes against everything we've learnt about the genetics of complex traits from recent genome-wide association studies, which have revealed that quantitative traits (like height and body weight) are frequently influenced by dozens to hundreds of genes, each of small effect; if anything, it's likely that athletic performance will be even more genetically complex than these traits. The ACTN3-centred argument also dismisses the importance of Jamaica's impressive investment in the infrastructure and training system required to identify and nurture elite track athletes, the effects of a culture that idolises local track heroes, and the powerful desire of young Jamaicans to use athletic success to lift themselves and their families out of poverty.
It is almost certainly true that Usain Bolt carries at least one of the "sprint" variants of theACTN3 gene, but then so do around five billion other humans worldwide.
What do you think? Is the Jamaican sprint tradition due to nature or nurture?
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Why do Jamaicans run so fast?
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Thanks for your input. The nature nurture debate is going to be very interesting especially after Bolt's performances.
To the person who posted the comment denigrating the black race which I had to delete:
You have not read the article. And being a white supremacist you fail to account for historical achievements of Africans, and particularly of Jamaicans.
You are not sensitive to the fact that Jamaicans are probably mostly mixed race though we are racially Africans. "Out of many one people."
Your white supremacist comments do not belong here, but if you are willing to interact with the article we will entertain you.
I definitely think it is mostly nuture in regards to Jamaican sprint dominance. (This is in comparison to other nations of west african origin who have the same fast twitch genes). I truly believe it is all about incentive.
Track, especially the sprints is HUGE in Jamaica, epitomised by the prestige, popularity and huge following put on the amazing champs were youth battle it out to be the best from an early age, something not seen anywhere else in the world!
The infrastructure has it that if you are successful in sprints/track you will be able to come out of poverty and earn a very good living hence the incentive, along with the god given gene pool, accelerates their affinity to track.
However, take a country like Nigeria, with a population of over 150 million people who many Jamaicans probably descend from all of whom originally have the fast twitch muscle gene trait. There is no incentive for track in the slightest. The infrastructure is not there to make track a viable option for alleviating poverty hence they look to other means. I truly believe if countries such as Nigeria were to get their act together in regards to track, with the right training, diet and infrastructure a "sleeping giant" of 150 million people all of whom naturally predisposed to the sprints could be unleashed.
Until, unless other countries (from west Africa or diaspora) follow Jamaica in fully utilising their comparative advantage on the rest of the world, Jamaica will continue to dominate the sport exclusively.
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Well written article. I applaud you my brother.